Al-Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem): Complete Guide to History, Significance, and Travel (2025)

The Al-Aqsa Mosque, located in the heart of Jerusalem’s Old City, is one of the most sacred and historically significant places in Islam. Revered as the third holiest site after Masjid al-Haram in Makkah and Masjid an-Nabawi in Madinah, it holds a profound spiritual significance for Muslims worldwide. Al-Aqsa is mentioned directly in the Qur’an in Surah Al-Isra (17:1), which recounts the miraculous Isra and Mi’raj—the Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)—when he was transported from Makkah to Jerusalem before ascending to the heavens.

More than just a mosque, Al-Aqsa refers to the entire Al-Haram Al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary). This vast compound includes the iconic Dome of the Rock, the Qibli Mosque, the Marwani Prayer Hall, the Islamic Museum, and several gates and minarets. Spanning over 35 acres, it is one of the world’s most important religious landmarks, visited by millions of worshippers and tourists each year.

Beyond its religious importance, Al-Aqsa is deeply intertwined with history, culture, and politics, having witnessed centuries of Islamic civilization, Crusader invasions, and modern-day conflicts. For Muslims, it represents not just a sacred space of worship but a powerful reminder of faith, resilience, and unity.

Location & Architecture Overview of Al-Aqsa Mosque

📍 Location in Jerusalem

The Al-Aqsa Mosque is situated in the Old City of Jerusalem, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, within the southeastern corner of the Al-Haram Al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary). This vast sacred compound, known in Arabic as Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, spans approximately 144,000 square meters (35 acres), making it one of the largest mosque complexes in the world. The mosque overlooks the Kidron Valley and is surrounded by fortified walls, gates, and historic minarets.

Jerusalem holds religious significance for Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, making the Al-Aqsa Mosque not only a center for Islamic worship but also a symbol of the city’s shared spiritual heritage.

Architectural Significance

The Al-Aqsa Mosque is a masterpiece of early Islamic architecture, blending elements from various Islamic dynasties, including the Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Mamluks, and Ottomans. Over the centuries, it has undergone several renovations due to earthquakes, fires, and political conflicts, yet it retains its historical grandeur.

Key architectural highlights include:

• Qibli Mosque (Main Prayer Hall) – Located on the southern side of the compound, the Qibli Mosque can hold up to 5,000 worshippers. It is marked by a striking lead-colored dome and beautiful marble interiors.

• Dome of the Rock (Qubbat As-Sakhrah) – Situated at the heart of Al-Haram Al-Sharif, this iconic golden dome is not technically a mosque but a shrine marking the spot where Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is believed to have ascended to heaven.

• Minarets and Gates – The sanctuary has four historic minarets and 15 gates, each with unique inscriptions and Islamic artistry.

• Marwani Prayer Hall (Solomon’s Stables) – An underground prayer space that can accommodate thousands of worshippers, reflecting Jerusalem’s layered history.

• Islamic Museum & Madrassas – The compound houses an Islamic museum with rare manuscripts, artifacts, and architectural inscriptions, as well as historic madrassas (Islamic schools).

Renovation and Preservation Efforts

Throughout its history, Al-Aqsa Mosque has undergone continuous restoration. From the Umayyad caliphs who first built the mosque to Ottoman sultans who added intricate tilework, and even modern-day preservation by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Palestinian Waqf, Al-Aqsa’s architectural beauty continues to stand as a symbol of Islamic heritage.

Historical Timeline of Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque has a history that spans over 1,300 years, making it one of the most historically significant religious sites in the world. Its story reflects the evolution of Islamic civilization, political struggles over Jerusalem, and the enduring reverence Muslims hold for this sacred sanctuary.

1. Origins and Qur’anic Significance

The name “Al-Aqsa” means “the Farthest Mosque”, referencing the verse in the Qur’an (Surah Al-Isra 17:1) that narrates the Isra and Mi’raj—Prophet Muhammad’s (ﷺ) miraculous night journey from Makkah to Jerusalem, and his ascension to the heavens.

According to Islamic tradition, Jerusalem has always been a city of prophecy, visited by prophets such as Ibrahim (Abraham), Dawud (David), Sulaiman (Solomon), and Isa (Jesus, peace be upon them all). Before the Qiblah (direction of prayer) was changed to Makkah, early Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem, making Al-Aqsa the first Qiblah in Islam.

2. Umayyad Dynasty Construction (7th–8th Century)

Following the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 637 CE under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), the Umayyad caliphs commissioned the first permanent structures on the Haram al-Sharif.

• Caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705 CE) initiated construction of the Dome of the Rock, completed in 691 CE.

• His son, Caliph Al-Walid I (705–715 CE), built the Qibli Mosque, marking the official establishment of the Al-Aqsa Mosque complex.
  This period set the architectural and spiritual foundation for Al-Aqsa as we know it today.

3. Abbasid, Fatimid & Crusader Era (8th–12th Century)

During the Abbasid (750–1258) and Fatimid (909–1171) dynasties, Al-Aqsa underwent multiple renovations due to earthquakes and fires.

• In 1099 CE, Crusaders seized Jerusalem and converted Al-Aqsa into a Christian palace and church, calling it the “Temple of Solomon.”

• The iconic Dome of the Rock was also transformed into a church during this period.

4. Salahuddin Ayyubi’s Liberation (1187 CE)

In 1187 CE, Salahuddin Ayyubi (Saladin) reconquered Jerusalem, restoring Al-Aqsa Mosque to its rightful place as a Muslim sanctuary. He removed Christian relics, purified the mosque, and reintroduced Islamic worship. Salahuddin also initiated major restoration projects that reinforced the mosque’s sacred role.

5. Mamluk and Ottoman Contributions (13th–20th Century)

• The Mamluks (1250–1517) built new madrassas, minarets, and gates, transforming Al-Aqsa into a thriving Islamic learning center.

• Under the Ottomans (1517–1917), rulers like Suleiman the Magnificent renovated the walls of Jerusalem and installed intricate tilework that still decorates the Dome of the Rock today.

6. British Mandate and Modern History (1917–Present)

• In 1917, Jerusalem came under the British Mandate, leading to increased political tensions over the site.

• After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan took custodianship of Al-Aqsa, which remains under the care of the Jordanian Waqf today.

• Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel has maintained control over access to the mosque, making it a flashpoint in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

• Today, Al-Aqsa remains a symbol of Palestinian identity, global Muslim unity, and ongoing political struggles over Jerusalem.

Religious and Spiritual Significance of Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque holds profound religious importance in Islam, second only to the Masjid al-Haram in Makkah and Masjid an-Nabawi in Madinah. It is deeply connected to prophetic history, the Qur’an, and the journey of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, making it a sacred site for over 1.9 billion Muslims worldwide.

1. The Third Holiest Site in Islam

Al-Aqsa Mosque is regarded as the third holiest site in Islam after Makkah and Madinah.

• Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad ﷺ led all other prophets in prayer at Al-Aqsa during Isra and Mi’raj.

• This event symbolizes the unity of all prophets and the centrality of Jerusalem in Islamic tradition.

2. First Qiblah (Direction of Prayer)

Before the Qiblah was changed to the Kaaba in Makkah, early Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem.

• This emphasizes the deep spiritual link between Makkah, Madinah, and Jerusalem.

• Even after the change, Al-Aqsa retained its sacred status in Islamic history.

3. Qur’anic Mention and the Night Journey (Isra and Mi’raj)

The Isra and Mi’raj (Night Journey and Ascension) is a cornerstone event in Islamic theology.

• Described in Surah Al-Isra (17:1), Allah says:
  “Glory be to Him who took His servant by night from Al-Masjid al-Haram to Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs.”

• This verse confirms the divine sanctity of Al-Aqsa and its surrounding lands.

• Prophet Muhammad ﷺ ascended to the heavens from the site, receiving the command of five daily prayers, making Al-Aqsa central to Muslim worship.

4. A Symbol of Unity Among Prophets

Al-Aqsa is closely associated with many prophets:

• Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ishaq (Isaac)

• Prophet Dawud (David) and Prophet Sulaiman (Solomon)

• Prophet Isa (Jesus) and his miraculous birth
  Muslims believe that Jerusalem has been a center of prophetic guidance for thousands of years, symbolizing spiritual continuity.

5. Reward of Prayers in Al-Aqsa

Hadith traditions highlight the immense reward of praying in Al-Aqsa:

• Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said:
  “One prayer in Al-Masjid al-Haram is worth 100,000 prayers, one prayer in my mosque (Madinah) is worth 1,000 prayers, and one prayer in Al-Aqsa Mosque is worth 500 prayers.”
  (Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi)

This makes it a destination of spiritual pilgrimage for Muslims worldwide.

6. Al-Aqsa as a Symbol of Resistance and Faith

In the modern era, Al-Aqsa has also become a symbol of resilience for Palestinians and Muslims globally. Its protection is seen as a religious duty and an act of preserving Islamic heritage.

Architectural Features of Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (Al-Haram Al-Sharif) is a masterpiece of Islamic architecture and history. Covering 35 acres (144,000 sq. meters), it is one of the largest mosque complexes in the world, housing multiple prayer halls, historic buildings, gates, and courtyards. The term “Al-Aqsa” doesn’t refer only to the Qibli Mosque (the silver-domed building) but to the entire sanctuary that includes the Dome of the Rock, Al-Qibli Mosque, Marwani Prayer Hall, and more than 200 monuments.

1. The Qibli Mosque (Silver-Domed Mosque)

• The Qibli Mosque, located on the southern side of the compound, is the main prayer hall where congregational prayers are held.

• Built by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab in the 7th century and later expanded by the Umayyads, it has undergone several renovations due to earthquakes and wars.

• Its distinctive silver-gray dome is often mistaken as “Al-Aqsa Mosque,” but it’s just one part of the sanctuary.

• Inside, it features marble columns, Islamic calligraphy, and intricate chandeliers, creating a spiritually uplifting atmosphere.

2. The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat As-Sakhrah)

• The Dome of the Rock is the golden-domed shrine located at the center of the compound, built in 691 CE by Caliph Abd al-Malik.

• It marks the site of the Rock of Ascension, where Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is believed to have ascended to the heavens during Isra and Mi’raj.

• Its octagonal structure and Byzantine-style mosaics represent a blend of Islamic and Roman artistry, making it one of the most iconic symbols of Jerusalem.

• The dome’s gold covering, visible from miles away, makes it a breathtaking architectural marvel.

3. Al-Marwani Prayer Hall (Solomon’s Stables)

• Situated beneath the southeastern corner of the compound, the Marwani Prayer Hall is an expansive underground hall.

• It was originally built as a storage area by King Herod and later converted into a mosque during the Umayyad period.

• Today, it serves as a prayer space for thousands of worshippers, especially during Ramadan and Eid.

4. Islamic Museum

• Located inside the sanctuary, the Islamic Museum holds centuries-old Qur’anic manuscripts, artifacts, ceramics, and Islamic relics.

• Visitors can explore treasures from various Islamic dynasties, reflecting Jerusalem’s deep cultural and spiritual legacy.

5. The Gates of Al-Aqsa

The sanctuary is accessed through 11 gates, some reserved for Muslims only. Notable ones include:

• Bab al-Rahma (Gate of Mercy): Historically significant and facing the Mount of Olives.

• Bab al-Silsilah (Chain Gate): One of the oldest gates, offering direct access to the Dome of the Rock.

• Bab al-Maghariba (Moroccan Gate): The only gate controlled by Israeli authorities today.

6. Minarets of Al-Aqsa

The mosque compound features four minarets built during the Mamluk period (13th-14th centuries).

• These minarets are used to call the Adhan (call to prayer), symbolizing Jerusalem’s Islamic heritage.

7. Courtyards and Open Spaces

The open courtyards provide a serene atmosphere for reflection and prayer.

• They are lined with olive trees and fountains, some dating back to the early Islamic period.

• The compound also features Sabils (water fountains), used for ablution and symbolizing purity.

Historical Timeline of Al-Aqsa Mosque

The history of Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa) spans thousands of years, making it one of the oldest and most significant religious sites in the world. Its story reflects Jerusalem’s deep spiritual legacy and its importance to Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Below is a chronological journey through its rich past:

1. The Ancient Era: Foundations of Holiness

• The site of Al-Aqsa is located on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif), an area revered by all Abrahamic faiths.

• Islamic tradition teaches that Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and Prophet Yaqub (Jacob) prayed on this site.

• According to Islamic Hadith, Al-Aqsa was the second mosque built on Earth, forty years after the construction of the Kaaba in Makkah.

2. The Isra and Mi’raj (7th Century CE)

• The mosque’s spiritual significance in Islam is rooted in the Isra and Mi’raj—the miraculous night journey of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

• In 621 CE, the Prophet traveled from Makkah to Al-Aqsa and ascended to the heavens from this site, solidifying its sacred status.

• This event is mentioned in the Quran (Surah Al-Isra 17:1):

  “Glory be to Him who took His servant by night from Al-Masjid Al-Haram to Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed…”

3. The Early Islamic Period (7th–8th Century CE)

• After Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab conquered Jerusalem in 637 CE, he ordered the construction of a simple wooden mosque at the southern end of the Haram al-Sharif.

• Under Caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705 CE) and his son Al-Walid I, the iconic Dome of the Rock and a larger version of the Qibli Mosque were built, turning Jerusalem into a center of Islamic scholarship and worship.

4. The Abbasid & Fatimid Periods (750–1099 CE)

• The Abbasids invested heavily in the mosque, adding marble columns, mosaics, and courtyards.

• Earthquakes in 746 CE and 1033 CE damaged the mosque, leading to multiple reconstructions by the Fatimids.

• By this time, Al-Aqsa became a major hub for scholars, imams, and travelers from across the Islamic world.

5. The Crusader Occupation (1099–1187 CE)

• During the Crusades, Christian forces captured Jerusalem in 1099 CE and turned Al-Aqsa into a royal palace for the Knights Templar.

• The Dome of the Rock was also converted into a church.

• This period represents a dark chapter in Al-Aqsa’s history, with restricted Muslim access to the site.

6. Salahuddin Ayyubi’s Liberation (1187 CE)

• In 1187 CE, Salahuddin Ayyubi (Saladin) liberated Jerusalem, restoring Al-Aqsa to its rightful status as a mosque.

• He ordered its renovation, cleansing, and reestablishment as a center for worship and Islamic learning.

• Salahuddin’s restoration reaffirmed the site’s central place in Muslim identity.

7. Mamluk & Ottoman Period (1250–1917 CE)

• The Mamluks invested in beautifying the mosque, building schools, minarets, and fountains.

• Under the Ottoman Empire, major renovations were carried out, including restoring the Dome of the Rock’s iconic golden dome.

• Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (16th century) rebuilt the Old City Walls of Jerusalem, still standing today.

8. British Mandate (1917–1948)

• After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Jerusalem came under British control, marking a new era of political challenges.

• Despite British oversight, the Islamic Waqf maintained authority over Al-Aqsa’s religious affairs.

9. Jordanian Custodianship (1948–1967)

• After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan assumed custodianship of Al-Aqsa.

• Significant restorations were done, including replacing the Dome of the Rock’s lead covering with gold-plated aluminum in the 1950s.

10. Modern Era: Israeli Occupation and Ongoing Struggles (1967–Present)

• Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied East Jerusalem, including Al-Aqsa.

• Today, the mosque remains under the Islamic Waqf’s administration, but Israeli forces control access, creating ongoing tension.

• Despite political challenges, Al-Aqsa continues to be a symbol of resilience and a sacred place for millions of Muslims worldwide.

11. Recent Renovations and Preservation Efforts

• Organizations such as UNESCO and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are actively involved in preserving the mosque’s architecture.

• In recent years, restoration projects include minaret repairs, dome reinforcement, and digital archiving of manuscripts.

Religious Importance of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam

Al-Aqsa Mosque, located in Jerusalem, is regarded as the third holiest site in Islam, following Masjid al-Haram in Makkah and Masjid an-Nabawi in Madinah. Its profound spiritual significance is deeply rooted in Quranic verses, Hadith, and Islamic history, making it a cherished place of worship and devotion for Muslims worldwide.

1. Mention in the Quran

The sanctity of Al-Aqsa is emphasized in the Quran in Surah Al-Isra (17:1):

“Glory be to Him who took His servant by night from Al-Masjid Al-Haram to Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing.”

This verse refers to the miraculous Isra and Mi’raj, where Prophet Muhammad ﷺ traveled from Makkah to Jerusalem and ascended to the heavens. It signifies Al-Aqsa as a gateway to divine blessings.

2. First Qibla of Muslims

Before the Qibla (direction of prayer) was changed to the Kaaba in Makkah, Muslims used to pray facing Al-Aqsa. This highlights its historical role in Islamic worship.

• The Qibla change occurred in 2 AH (624 CE), but Al-Aqsa’s significance remains a vital part of Islamic identity.

3. Connection to All Prophets

The mosque holds a unique position as a meeting point for prophets:

• During the Isra and Mi’raj, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ led prayer with all previous prophets in Al-Aqsa.

• This symbolizes the unity of divine messages and confirms Jerusalem’s spiritual importance across generations.

4. Reward for Praying in Al-Aqsa

The Prophet ﷺ said:

“A prayer in my mosque (Madinah) is better than 1,000 prayers elsewhere, except for Al-Masjid Al-Haram. And a prayer in Al-Masjid Al-Haram is better than 100,000 prayers.”
(Sunan Ibn Majah)

While this Hadith focuses on Makkah and Madinah, other narrations emphasize immense reward for worship in Al-Aqsa, making it a sought-after destination for Muslims seeking spiritual elevation.

5. Blessed Surroundings

The Quran refers to the land around Al-Aqsa as “Blessed” (al-ladhi barakna hawlahu), indicating:

• Jerusalem’s divine sanctity.

• Historical significance as a home for prophets including Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Dawud (David), and Isa (Jesus), peace be upon them all.

6. Symbol of Faith and Resistance

Al-Aqsa represents:

• A symbol of Muslim identity and resilience.

• A connection to Islamic heritage despite ongoing political struggles in Jerusalem.

• A place where millions of Muslims annually reaffirm their spiritual bond with Islamic history.

7. Virtue of Visiting Al-Aqsa

The Prophet ﷺ encouraged visiting three mosques for spiritual rewards:

“Do not undertake a journey except to three mosques: Al-Masjid Al-Haram, my mosque (in Madinah), and Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa.”
(Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)

Visiting Al-Aqsa is a recommended act of worship (mustahabb) for Muslims worldwide, symbolizing love and connection with the Prophet’s tradition.

8. Central Role in Islamic History

• Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa were part of the early Muslim conquests under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, who honored and protected Christian and Jewish holy sites as well.

• Its preservation is seen as a collective duty of the Muslim Ummah.

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Al-Aqsa Mosque Through History: Conquests, Crusaders, and Preservation

The history of Al-Aqsa Mosque is deeply tied to the story of Jerusalem, one of the oldest and holiest cities in the world. Over 1,300 years of Islamic history, Al-Aqsa has witnessed prophetic significance, Islamic conquests, Crusader invasions, and preservation efforts—making it a true testament to resilience and faith.

1. Pre-Islamic Jerusalem and Early Sacredness

Before the Islamic era, Jerusalem was already considered sacred:

• Jewish Tradition: Known as the site of the First and Second Temples.

• Christian Tradition: Associated with the life and ascension of Prophet Isa (Jesus, peace be upon him).

• Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham, peace be upon him): Believed to have prayed at this site, connecting it to monotheistic history.
  This long-standing sanctity laid the foundation for its importance in Islam.

2. The Night Journey (Isra and Mi’raj)

Al-Aqsa’s Islamic significance begins with Prophet Muhammad’s Night Journey:

• In 621 CE, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ traveled from Masjid al-Haram in Makkah to Masjid al-Aqsa in one night.

• From here, he ascended to the heavens (Mi’raj) and met earlier prophets.

• This event established Al-Aqsa as Islam’s first Qibla (direction of prayer) before it was changed to Makkah.

3. Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab’s Conquest (637 CE)

Under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA):

• Jerusalem was peacefully conquered from Byzantine rule in 637 CE.

• Umar personally visited Jerusalem, showing humility and respect for other faiths.

• He ordered the cleaning and sanctification of the site where Al-Aqsa stands today.

• The original wooden prayer hall was constructed, marking the beginning of Muslim rule in the city.

4. Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 CE) – Construction of Al-Aqsa and Dome of the Rock

• Caliph Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock in 691 CE as a symbol of Islamic power and faith.

• His son, Caliph Al-Walid I, completed the construction of the Qibli Mosque (Al-Aqsa Mosque) around 705 CE.

• This era marked the creation of Islamic Jerusalem with stunning architectural designs.

5. Crusader Era (1099–1187 CE)

During the Crusader invasion:

• In 1099 CE, Crusaders occupied Jerusalem, converting the mosque into a Christian church and palace.

• The Qibli Mosque was renamed the “Temple of Solomon.”

• The Dome of the Rock was used as a church, symbolizing Christian dominance.

• This period caused massive damage and desecration of the mosque.

6. Salahuddin Ayyubi’s Liberation (1187 CE)

One of the most celebrated moments in Islamic history:

• In 1187 CE, Salahuddin al-Ayyubi (Saladin) liberated Jerusalem.

• He restored Al-Aqsa and purified it from Crusader influence, making it a center of Islamic learning and worship again.

• Schools and libraries were established around the mosque, reviving Islamic culture in Jerusalem.

7. Mamluk and Ottoman Eras (1250–1917 CE)

• Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517):

  • Added minarets, gates, and schools around the compound.

  • Preserved Islamic scholarship in Jerusalem.

• Ottoman Empire (1517–1917):

  • Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent renovated the Dome of the Rock’s tiles.

  • The mosque complex was heavily restored and maintained as a central part of the empire.

8. British Mandate and Modern Palestinian Heritage (1917–Present)

• In 1917, British forces occupied Jerusalem, beginning a politically turbulent era.

• Following the 1948 Nakba and the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel occupied East Jerusalem, including Al-Aqsa.

• Today, the mosque is under Jordanian Waqf administration and remains a key religious and political symbol for Muslims worldwide.

• UNESCO has listed Jerusalem’s Old City, including Al-Aqsa, as a World Heritage Site.

9. A Symbol of Resilience

Despite invasions, earthquakes, and political challenges, Al-Aqsa Mosque stands as a symbol of faith, unity, and resistance for Muslims. Its survival over 13 centuries of upheaval reflects the unwavering spiritual connection Muslims have with Jerusalem.

Religious and Spiritual Importance of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam

Al-Aqsa Mosque is not just a historical monument; it is a sacred symbol of Islamic faith with profound significance mentioned in the Quran and Hadith. Its role in Islamic history, worship, and spiritual connection makes it one of the three holiest mosques in Islam, alongside Masjid al-Haram (Makkah) and Masjid an-Nabawi (Madinah).

1. Mention in the Holy Quran

Al-Aqsa Mosque is directly referenced in the Quran in Surah Al-Isra (17:1):

“Glory be to the One Who took His servant by night from Masjid al-Haram (in Makkah) to Masjid al-Aqsa (in Jerusalem), whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs. Indeed, He alone is the All-Hearing, All-Seeing.”

This verse establishes:

• The blessed status of Al-Aqsa and its surroundings.

• Its role in the miraculous Isra and Mi’raj (Night Journey and Ascension).

• Its spiritual connection to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

2. First Qibla (Direction of Prayer)

• Before the Qibla was changed to the Kaaba in Makkah, Muslims prayed towards Al-Aqsa.

• This shows its importance in early Islamic rituals.

• The Prophet ﷺ and his companions prayed towards Jerusalem for approximately 16-17 months after migrating to Madinah.

3. One of the Three Mosques to Travel For

In an authentic Hadith, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said:

“Do not undertake a journey except to three mosques: this mosque of mine (Masjid an-Nabawi), Masjid al-Haram, and Masjid al-Aqsa.”
— (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim)

This Hadith highlights that Al-Aqsa is a pilgrimage-worthy destination for Muslims, emphasizing its spiritual weight.

4. Reward of Prayer in Al-Aqsa Mosque

According to Islamic tradition, prayer at Al-Aqsa carries immense reward:

“One prayer in Al-Aqsa Mosque is equivalent to 500 prayers elsewhere.”
— (Sunan Ibn Majah)

This encourages Muslims to visit and pray in this sacred mosque whenever possible.

5. Connection to All Prophets

Al-Aqsa is unique because:

• It was a central place of worship for many prophets, including Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham), Prophet Dawud (David), Prophet Sulaiman (Solomon), and Prophet Isa (Jesus), peace be upon them all.

• Prophet Muhammad ﷺ led all the earlier prophets in prayer here during Isra and Mi’raj, symbolizing his leadership of all prophets.

6. Blessed Land Around Al-Aqsa

The Quran describes the land around Al-Aqsa as “blessed” (Mubarakah):

• This blessing extends to the entire region of Sham (Greater Syria), which includes Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, and parts of Syria.

• It is a place chosen by Allah for numerous prophets, miracles, and divine messages.

7. A Symbol of Unity and Resistance

For Muslims worldwide, Al-Aqsa symbolizes:

• Spiritual unity—a place where Muslims of all backgrounds gather for worship.

• Courage and steadfastness—as it has stood despite centuries of occupation and challenges.

• Islamic identity—a reminder of Islamic heritage in Jerusalem.

Architectural Marvel of Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (Al-Haram Ash-Sharif) is not just a place of worship; it is a breathtaking masterpiece of Islamic architecture and design. Over centuries, various Islamic dynasties—including the Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Mamluks, and Ottomans—contributed to its stunning layout and unique beauty, making it a living symbol of Islamic heritage.

The mosque complex spans 35 acres (144,000 square meters) and includes over 100 structures, such as prayer halls, domes, fountains, schools, and historic gates. It is one of the largest mosque compounds in the world, able to accommodate hundreds of thousands of worshippers.

1. The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat As-Sakhrah)

The Dome of the Rock is one of the most iconic and recognizable Islamic landmarks in the world:

• Built in 691 CE by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.

• Features a magnificent golden dome that symbolizes the glory of Islam.

• Located at the center of Al-Haram Ash-Sharif and enshrines the rock from which Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is believed to have ascended to the heavens during Isra and Mi’raj.

• The interior is adorned with marble, mosaics, and Qur’anic inscriptions that represent early Islamic art.

• The octagonal structure is a blend of Byzantine and early Islamic architecture.

🔗 Learn more about Dome of the Rock

2. The Qibli Mosque (Main Prayer Hall)

The Qibli Mosque is the main prayer area within the compound:

• Located on the southern side of the complex.

• Distinguished by its silver/lead-colored dome.

• Can accommodate thousands of worshippers.

• The mihrab (prayer niche) and minbar (pulpit) are masterpieces of Islamic art. The famous Minbar of Salahuddin Ayyubi, crafted in Aleppo, was installed after Jerusalem was liberated in 1187 CE.

3. The Dome of the Chain (Qubbat al-Silsila)

• Situated near the Dome of the Rock.

• Built as a treasury and meeting place for judges during the Umayyad period.

• Its open design, with intricate columns and arches, reflects Islamic geometry and architectural precision.

4. The Four Minarets

The mosque complex features four historic minarets, each built during different Islamic eras:

1. Bab al-Magharibah Minaret (1329 CE) – Western wall, near the Moroccan Gate.

2. Bab al-Silsila Minaret (1329 CE) – Near the Chain Gate.

3. Bab al-Asbat Minaret (1367 CE) – North-east side.

4. Bab al-Ghawanima Minaret (1298 CE) – The tallest minaret, offering a panoramic view of Jerusalem.

5. Courtyards and Fountains

• The mosque complex features beautiful courtyards and ablution fountains.

• The most famous fountain, Al-Kas (The Cup Fountain), was built by the Ottomans to serve worshippers performing ablution before prayer.

• Shaded areas with olive trees create a tranquil atmosphere for worshippers and visitors.

6. Islamic Calligraphy and Art

• The mosque is decorated with Qur’anic verses in Kufic and Naskh scripts.

• Stunning mosaics, marble panels, and colorful tiles showcase early Islamic artistry.

• The architecture blends Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Mamluk, and Ottoman influences, making it a timeline of Islamic design evolution.

7. Historical Restorations

• Over the centuries, Al-Aqsa has been restored and renovated multiple times due to earthquakes, wars, and natural aging.

• Major renovations were carried out by:

  • Umayyad Caliphate (7th century) – Original construction.

  • Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties – Strengthened and expanded.

  • Salahuddin Ayyubi (12th century) – Reclaimed and beautified.

  • Ottoman Empire – Extensive renovations, tile work, and dome restorations.

  • Jordanian and Palestinian authorities continue to preserve it today.

Key Religious Events and Stories Associated with Al-Aqsa Mosque

Al-Aqsa Mosque in Qur’an and Hadith (Detailed Scriptural References)

The Al-Aqsa Mosque holds a central place in Islam’s sacred texts. Both the Qur’an and Hadith emphasize its spiritual significance, historical role, and the virtue of worshipping within its blessed precincts.

1. Mention of Al-Aqsa in the Qur’an

Al-Aqsa Mosque is explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an in Surah Al-Isra (The Night Journey):

“Glory be to Him who took His servant by night from Masjid al-Haram to Masjid al-Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing.”
(Surah Al-Isra, 17:1)

This verse establishes:

• The sacredness of Al-Aqsa’s surroundings, described as “blessed.”

• Its connection to Isra and Mi’raj, one of the most miraculous events in Islamic history.

• Its spiritual bond to Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, making it part of Islam’s holy triangle: Makkah, Madinah, and Jerusalem.

2. Other Qur’anic References

While Al-Aqsa is explicitly named only once, multiple verses allude to Jerusalem and its sanctity:

• Surah Al-Anbiya (21:71): Mentions Allah blessing the land of Ibrahim and Lut, widely understood to include Palestine and Jerusalem.

• Surah Saba (34:18): Refers to a blessed land “between which We had placed prominent towns,” symbolizing trade and pilgrimage routes leading to Jerusalem.

• Surah Al-Ma’idah (5:21): Musa (AS) tells his people:

  “O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah has ordained for you.”
  This is traditionally interpreted as referring to Jerusalem’s sanctified status.

3. Hadith on the Virtue of Al-Aqsa Mosque

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ spoke extensively about Al-Aqsa’s virtues:

1. One of the Three Sacred Mosques

   The Prophet ﷺ said:
   “Do not set out on a journey except to three mosques: Masjid al-Haram, this mosque of mine (Masjid an-Nabawi), and Masjid al-Aqsa.”
   (Bukhari, Muslim)

2. Reward of Praying in Al-Aqsa

   The Prophet ﷺ said:
   “A prayer in Masjid al-Haram is worth 100,000 prayers, a prayer in my mosque is worth 1,000 prayers, and a prayer in Al-Aqsa is worth 500 prayers.”
   (Ibn Majah)

3. Al-Aqsa’s Historical Importance

   The Prophet ﷺ said:
   “When Solomon finished building the Al-Aqsa Mosque, he asked Allah for three things… and that anyone who came to it intending only to pray would leave as free from sin as the day his mother bore him.”
   (Ibn Majah)

4. The First Qibla

• For 16-17 months after migrating to Madinah, Muslims prayed facing Jerusalem before Allah commanded them to turn towards the Kaaba in Makkah.

• This highlights Al-Aqsa’s deep-rooted significance in early Islamic worship.

5. Scholarly Interpretations

• Imam Ibn Kathir in his Tafsir emphasizes that Al-Aqsa is “blessed with both worldly and spiritual blessings,” being home to many prophets and a sacred center of monotheism.

• Imam Al-Nawawi mentions that the reward of prayers in Al-Aqsa signifies its rank among Islamic holy sites.

Summary Table of Scriptural References

Al-Aqsa’s Role in Islamic Civilization and Learning Centers

The Al-Aqsa Mosque has not only been a spiritual center but also a beacon of knowledge, culture, and governance for centuries. Throughout Islamic history, it stood as a hub where scholars, rulers, and communities converged, shaping the intellectual and cultural development of the Muslim world.

1. Center of Islamic Governance and Administration

• During the Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), Jerusalem became part of the Islamic empire after a peaceful surrender in 637 CE.

• Umar personally visited Jerusalem and prayed at the site of Al-Aqsa, marking it as a pivotal Islamic landmark.

• The Umayyad Caliphate later developed Masjid Al-Aqsa’s structure and established it as a seat of religious and political authority in Palestine.

2. A Hub of Islamic Scholarship

• For centuries, Al-Aqsa was a university-like institution, attracting scholars from across the Islamic world.

• Prominent scholars who taught here include:

  • Imam Al-Ghazali, who wrote parts of Ihya Ulum al-Din in Jerusalem.

  • Ibn Kathir, the famous historian and mufassir, studied and lectured here.

  • Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi, a leading Hanbali scholar, was closely linked to Jerusalem.

• The mosque served as a madrasah, producing scholars of tafsir, hadith, and fiqh.

3. Crusades and Islamic Revival

• In 1099 CE, during the First Crusade, Jerusalem was captured, and Al-Aqsa was converted into a palace for Crusader kings and a Templar headquarters.

• In 1187 CE, Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi (Saladin) recaptured Jerusalem, restoring Al-Aqsa as a mosque and initiating scholarly institutions around it.

• This period saw Al-Aqsa reemerge as a symbol of Islamic unity and resistance.

4. Ottoman Contributions

• The Ottoman Empire (1517–1917) invested heavily in maintaining Al-Aqsa and built madrasahs (schools), libraries, and charitable endowments (waqf).

• The Ottomans also preserved architectural features and facilitated pilgrimages to Jerusalem, further elevating Al-Aqsa’s global recognition.

5. Legacy of Islamic Learning

• Al-Aqsa has been a living center of education for centuries, comparable to Al-Azhar in Cairo and Al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco.

• Scholars from as far as Andalusia, Central Asia, and India traveled to Jerusalem to study.

• The mosque’s manuscript collections and libraries have historically held rare works of tafsir, hadith, and jurisprudence.

6. Modern-Day Significance for Knowledge and Activism

• Today, Al-Aqsa remains not just a religious site but also a symbol of Palestinian cultural identity and Islamic scholarship.

• Institutions near the mosque continue to preserve Islamic heritage, offering courses in Qur’anic studies, Arabic language, and Islamic law.

• The mosque stands as a symbol of Muslim unity, representing centuries of intellectual and spiritual leadership.

Al-Aqsa in Modern Times – Challenges and Preservation Efforts

The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound remains a deeply significant religious and cultural landmark for Muslims worldwide. However, its role in modern times extends beyond a place of worship; it has become a symbol of resilience, unity, and identity for Palestinians and Muslims globally. Political tensions, ongoing conflicts, and efforts to preserve its heritage have made Al-Aqsa one of the most talked-about sites in the world today.

1. The Mosque Under Occupation

• Since 1967, following the Six-Day War, East Jerusalem and the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound have been under Israeli occupation.

• Despite being under occupation, the mosque is administered by the Jordanian Waqf, a trust responsible for the site’s management and religious affairs.

• The status quo agreement allows Muslims to pray at the site, but tensions frequently arise due to security restrictions and political disputes.

2. Political Tensions and Security Challenges

• Al-Aqsa remains at the center of global attention due to repeated clashes between Palestinian worshippers and Israeli forces.

• Restrictions on access, particularly for Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, have sparked international criticism.

• The mosque has become a symbol of Palestinian resistance, often featured in global campaigns for justice and human rights.

3. Preservation of Islamic Heritage

• Organizations like the Jordanian Waqf and international Islamic charities work tirelessly to maintain and restore Al-Aqsa’s infrastructure.

• Projects include:

  • Restoration of ancient manuscripts housed in Al-Aqsa libraries.

  • Structural reinforcement of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Qibli Mosque.

  • Preservation of mosaics, inscriptions, and marble columns dating back over 1,300 years.

4. UNESCO and Global Recognition

• Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Old City of Jerusalem are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

• UNESCO has repeatedly raised concerns about activities threatening the site’s authenticity, heritage, and religious significance.

• International support for preserving Al-Aqsa underscores its universal cultural value beyond religious boundaries.

5. Role of Media and Digital Platforms

• Social media has amplified awareness of Al-Aqsa’s struggles. Viral videos and images of the mosque during Ramadan prayers, protests, and Eid celebrations have rallied global Muslim solidarity.

• Campaigns like #SaveAlAqsa and #HandsOffAlAqsa trend globally, mobilizing support for Palestinian rights.

6. Pilgrimage and Religious Activities Today

• Despite challenges, millions of Muslims visit Al-Aqsa each year for:

  • Friday Prayers: The mosque hosts tens of thousands weekly.

  • Laylat al-Qadr: Worshippers flock during Ramadan’s last ten nights.

  • Educational Tours: Scholars and students continue to study and teach at Al-Aqsa’s historic madrasahs.

 7. Al-Aqsa as a Symbol of Unity

• Al-Aqsa is more than a mosque—it is a symbol of identity for 1.9 billion Muslims worldwide.

• The site represents a spiritual connection to Jerusalem, historical continuity, and a reminder of Islamic civilization’s contributions to art, science, and culture.

• Muslims globally feel a collective responsibility to protect and honor this sacred place.

Conclusion: The Timeless Legacy of Al-Aqsa Mosque

The Al-Aqsa Mosque is far more than a religious site — it is a spiritual beacon, a cultural landmark, and a symbol of resilience for Muslims around the world. From its mention in the Qur’an to its historical role during the early Islamic era, Al-Aqsa continues to inspire believers and historians alike. Located in the heart of Jerusalem’s Old City, this sacred sanctuary stands as a reminder of Islam’s deep spiritual roots and its interconnectedness with Christianity and Judaism.

Despite centuries of political conflict, conquests, and reconstruction, the mosque retains its sanctity and significance. Its stunning architecture — from the Dome of the Rock’s golden dome to the Qibli Mosque’s ancient design — reflects the legacy of Islamic art and civilization. Today, preservation efforts supported by international organizations like UNESCO and the Jordanian Waqf ensure that Al-Aqsa remains a spiritual haven for generations to come.

For Muslims, visiting Al-Aqsa is not only a pilgrimage but also an act of connecting with their heritage and faith. And for humanity, the mosque represents the shared history of Abrahamic religions and the need for peace in one of the most contested yet sacred cities in the world.

Whether you’re a pilgrim, a historian, or a curious traveler, learning about Al-Aqsa opens a door to understanding Jerusalem’s spiritual heart. Safeguarding this holy site is a global responsibility, ensuring its message of faith, peace, and resilience endures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Why is Al-Aqsa Mosque important in Islam?

Al-Aqsa Mosque is the third-holiest site in Islam after Masjid al-Haram in Makkah and Masjid an-Nabawi in Madinah. It is mentioned in the Qur’an (Surah Al-Isra 17:1) as the place where Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was taken during the Isra and Mi’raj (Night Journey and Ascension). It was also the first Qibla (direction of prayer) for Muslims before it changed to the Kaaba in Makkah.

2. Where is Al-Aqsa Mosque located?

Al-Aqsa Mosque is situated in the Old City of Jerusalem, within a 35-acre compound known as Al-Haram Al-Sharif (The Noble Sanctuary). This area is also home to the Dome of the Rock, the Islamic Museum, and other significant structures.

3. Is Al-Aqsa Mosque the same as the Dome of the Rock?

No. While they are both located within the same compound, they are two separate structures. The Al-Aqsa Mosque (Qibli Mosque) is a silver-domed building where prayers are held, while the Dome of the Rock features a golden dome and is built on the rock from where Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is believed to have ascended to the heavens.

4. Can non-Muslims visit Al-Aqsa Mosque?

Yes, non-Muslims can visit the Al-Haram Al-Sharif compound during specific visiting hours. However, access to certain prayer halls may be restricted to Muslims. Visitors are encouraged to dress modestly and respect the sanctity of the site.

5. What is the size of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound?

The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound covers approximately 35 acres (144,000 square meters). It includes multiple gates, minarets, prayer halls, schools, and religious institutions. The entire area is referred to as Al-Aqsa, not just the mosque building.

6. Who controls and manages Al-Aqsa Mosque today?

The mosque is overseen by the Jordanian Waqf (Islamic Endowment), which is responsible for its administration, maintenance, and preservation. The site is also recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site due to its historical and religious significance.

7. What is the historical significance of Al-Aqsa Mosque?

Al-Aqsa Mosque has a rich history dating back to the Prophets of Abrahamic faiths. It was the first direction of prayer for Muslims and has been at the center of numerous historical events, including the Crusades, Umayyad dynasty architecture, and ongoing religious and political discussions.

8. What are the main structures inside the Al-Aqsa compound?

Key structures include:

• Al-Qibli Mosque (main prayer hall)

• Dome of the Rock

• Marwani Prayer Hall

• Islamic Museum

• Al-Buraq Wall (Western Wall)

• Multiple gates, courtyards, and Islamic schools

9. Is visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque part of Hajj or Umrah?

No, visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque is not a part of Hajj or Umrah rituals, as both pilgrimages are specific to Makkah and Madinah. However, visiting Al-Aqsa is highly recommended and considered a great act of worship. Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) encouraged Muslims to pray in three mosques: Masjid al-Haram, Masjid an-Nabawi, and Masjid al-Aqsa.

10. How can I plan a visit to Al-Aqsa Mosque?

Travelers can plan a visit by flying to Jerusalem (through nearby airports like Tel Aviv or Amman, Jordan) and arranging a guided tour. It’s important to check visa regulations, security conditions, and prayer times. Many Islamic tour agencies offer spiritual trips to Al-Aqsa, often combined with historical tours of Palestine and Jordan.